USING FINANCIAL ANALYSYSIS TO ASSESS A BUSINESSES FOOTING - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1545 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? British Petroleum is one of the largest companies providing energy. The company operates across six different continents, their products and services are also available in more than hundred countries in the world. The company yearly make a huge return on investments for its share holders. Bp is a growing local oil company into a world energy group. BP has employed over 80,000 people all around the world. BACKGROUND British petroleum 2007 to 2009 British Petroleum starts mango production offshore Trinidad On November 17, 2007 British Petroleum started the natural gas production from the mango field. The mango field is 35 miles south east of Galeota point in water depth of some 235 feet. British Petroleum in Trinidad and Tobago holds 100 percent interest in the field. The field is developed by a single unmanned platform with a capacity to produce from a well. The gas is exported through a pipeline which is 26 inches in diameter. The mango platform is the second to be built to the same size and standard as the cannon balls platform. The 860 tonne mango jacket and 890 tonne topside were built at the Trinidad offshore fabrications (TOFCO). 2008 Energy utilization rises as supplies hold-up but free energy markets do work On June 11th , 2008 the quality of world energy market was high and its price was unstable. This had a great impact on the supply and demand on the energy products. British Petroleum shows that the worlds fossil fuel resource has enough energy to sustain world growing population in spite of this issue. The weak point in the supply of the oil and rising demand outside the OECD also makes the work harder for the energy supply industry. The downfall in the production of oil in the OECD shows the issue that resources are not a constraint globally, but the recourse with British petroleum oil are limited. This is because of the barriers like political factors, taxes plays an vital role in this. Despite of high energy prices, the world energy market produces reliable energy supply. The statics in the year 2007 shows the market do work, the consumers and produces respond to changes in the energy prices. 2009 British petroleum discovered giant oil at its Tiber prospect in the deepwater US Gulf Of Mexico On 2nd September 2009 the Tiber well is located around 400 kilometres in south east of Houston and is in 4,132 feet of water . The depth of the Tiber well is about 35,055 feet which is 10,685 meters exactly which makes is the one of the deepest wells ever made by the oil and gas company. This well found oil in different lower territory reservoirs. The review will be needed to determine the size of the Tiber well discovery. The British petroleum has already discovered Kaskidas well and this Tiber is the discovery of British petroleum. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "USING FINANCIAL ANALYSYSIS TO ASSESS A BUSINESSES FOOTING" essay for you Create order Ratio Analysis for British petroleum PROFITABILITY Analysis of profitability for the company British petroleum for profit margin, Return of share holders funds (ROSF) and Return of capital employed (ROCE) 2009 2008 2007 Profit Margin 10.21 9.34 10.85 Return on shareholders funds (ROSF) 24.73 37.55 33.74 Return on capital employed (ROCE) 14.34 21.88 21.08 PROFIT MARGIN Profit margin is ratio of profitability calculated as net  income  divided by revenues, or net profits divided by sales. The profit margin of BP in the year 2007, 2008 and 2009 is 10.85, 9.34 and 10.21 respectively. Comparing the profit margin in the year 07 and 08 there is a decrease in the profit to 1.51 and comparing with 08 to the next year there is a increase in the profit up to 0.87. Even though there is increase in the profit in the year 2009, 2007 profit margin is higher compared to the last year. Return on shareholders funds (ROSF) ROSF ratio is a measure of profitability. ROSF of BP in the year 2007, 2008 and 2009 is 33.74, 37.55 and 24.73 respectively. When we compare the ratio of the year 2007 which is 33.74 to the year 2008 which is 37.55 there is increase in the ratio up to 3.81 percent. Comparing the ratios of 2008 and 2009 there is a great downfall up to 12.82 percent. When comparing the ratio of the year 2009 to 2007 the result remains the same which is, the ratio has decreased. Return on capital employed (ROCE) The ROCE ratio compares the net profit (before interest and taxation) generated by company to the long term capital invested in the company during the same period. ROCE of BP in the year 2007, 2008 and 2009 is 21.08, 21.88 and 14.34 respectively. On comparing the ratios of the year 2007 which is 21.08 and the year 2008 which is 21.88 there is a slight increase in the ratio percentage which is 0.8 percent. But when comparing 2008 ratio with the next year there is a big downfall to the ratio in 2009 which is 14.34 percent and difference in the ratios between these two years is 7.54 percent. Conclusion It is to be noted that the company has a growth in all the three ratios from the year 2007 to 2008, but from the year 2008 to the next year which is 2009 there is decrease in all the three ratios. This makes us clear that the company is going down in the profitability compared to the previous two years. Ratios Ratios are useful indicators for the companys performance and financial conditions. Ratios can analyse and predict the future of the company. Now we shall analyse the ratios of BP for liquid ratio, gearing ratio, current ratio and share holders liquid ratio. 2009 2008 2007 Liquid Ratio 0.76 0.71 0.69 Gearing Ratio 82.42 89.52 77.22 Current Ratio 1.14 0.95 1.04 Share holders Liquid Ratio 1.38 1.40 1.67 Liquid ratio Liquid Ratio is a ratio which measures companys capability to pay short term bills. Liquid ratios of BP in the year 2007, 2008 and 2009 are 0.69, 0.71 and 0.76. As we compare the ratios of the year 2007 and 2008 there is an increase in the ratio up to 0.02. And comparing the year 2008 with next year, there is an increase again in the ratio, but the ratio which has increased between these two years is more (0.05) compared to 2007 and 2008. Gearing Ratio Gearing Ratio in the year 2007 is 77.22 but when compared to the year 2008 which is 89.52 there is good increase in the gearing ratio which is 12.3 percent. But when comparing the ratio of the year 2008 to the next year 2009 which is 82.42 the ratios have been decreased by 7.1 percent. When we compare the ratios for the year 2009 and 2007 we can find that there is a increase in ratio by 5.2 percent. Current ratio Current ratio of BP in the year 2007 is 1.04 when comparing this ratio to the year 2008 which is 0.95 there is a decrease in the current ratio up to 0.09. When we compare the ratio of the year 2008 to the next year 2009 which is 1.14, we can see there is an increase by 0.19. Now comparing the ratios of 2009 and 2007, here also we can find that ratio has increased from the year 2007 to the year 2009. Share holders Liquid ratio Here are the share holders liquid ratio for three consecutive year 2007, 2008 and 2009 which is 1.67, 1.40 and 1.38 respectively. When comparing 2007 and 2008 ratios we can see that the ratios have been decreased by 0.27. And the comparing 2008 ratio with the very next ratio which is 2009 we can see that the ratios have been declined again up to 0.02. When comparing 2007 and 2009 ratios we can see there is decrease in the results. Conclusion All the four ratios are act in four different ways for three years comparison. For Liquid ratio the ratios are gradually increasing from 2007 to 2009. In Gearing ratio the ratios increase from 2007 to 2008 and then it decreases from there. For Current ratio the ratios decreases from the year 2007 to 2008 and then it increases. For Share holders Liquid ratio the ratios gradually decreases. Turn over Turnover is the annual sales of the company. 2009 2008 2007 Turnover 152,417 253,088 146,238 When comparing the turnover for BP for the year 2007 (146,238) and 2008 (253,088) we can see that the company has improved in that year the turnover has been improved. But comparing the next two years which is 2008 (253,088) and 2009 (152,417) it is to be noted that there is downfall in the companies turnover. Current Event since 2009 Balance Sheet In 20th April 2010 there was a explosion and fire in BP oil rig which took place in deepwater horizon in Gulf Of Mexico. After this incident took place eleven workers was reported missing and around seventeen workers was injured. And three days after this incident it is found that the oil is leaking from the well. US coast guards found that oil which leaks from the well is around 5000 barrels of crude oil per day. This is around 430,000 dollars per day. This event will give a big impact on this years balance sheet because the company has lost good will, there will be big loss in companys profit margin and turn over because of the loss of 5000 barrels per day. There will also bring down all ratios because of explosion and oil spill and workers missing. BP after this event has lost its good will. Conclusion In conclusion the analysis of the ratios says the year 2008 is the best year compared to the three years (2007, 2008, and 2009). Except for profit margin, share holders liquid ratio and current ratio compared to the previous year it has decreased to an extent. And in this years (2010) balance sheet will go down to an extent because of the explosion and fire in the oil rig and even issue of workers in oil rig has been missing after the explosion. The companys shares will go down and the company will also lose its good will. The companys profit margin and turn over will go down because of the oil spill which consumes around 5000 barrels of crude oil per day.

Drugs and Alcohol in the Adolescent Years Essay - 1547 Words

Drugs and Alcohol in the Adolescent Years The years of adolescence are a very important time for both young girls and boys to make decisions that will essentially have the power to shape their lives. In life there are conflicts to be overcome from both the â€Å"evil† social world and also a young girl’s vulnerability can cause problems. Both have a huge impact on decisions she will make. Drugs and alcohol are both issues that almost any young person in today’s society is going to come into contact with. Then there is the issues of making decisions about how these substances will affect their life. It is interesting to study and compare the drug use among different ethnic groups as well as how the culture that one is brought up†¦show more content†¦Even more interesting is a sample taken that showed that those adolescents who start drugs and alcohol at a younger age like 15, are more likely to keep up the habit as opposed to someone who starts using at an older age. (Dewitt, Offord, pg. 7.) Drug and alcohol use also increases when young people leave for college. (Dewitt, Offord, pg.7.) All these results show how imperative it is for a young adolescent to have parental guidance and love during their life. Now that I have established the patterns of drug use occurring in young boys and girls it is important to figure out why this is the way that it is. Many people have pondered and studied the concept of ethnicity and it’s affects on drug use in young children. Focusing on border life on the American-Mexico border and mainly alcohol consumption among Mexican American woman, the results are very interesting. A recent survey was done on the alcohol consumption of white women and Mexican women along the U.S. Mexican border. It was found that very little data exists on alcohol consumption among women in different groups of the U.S. population. Mexican Americans combine the second largest racial or ethnic minority in the U.S. and again there is little data on this population group. This survey done in 1979 attempts to fill some of the missing holes by comparing these two races of women living on the border. The first fact to be found was that in theShow MoreRelatedAdolescent Drug Abuse And Alcohol1426 Words   |  6 PagesHEAD: Alcohol and Drug Abuse Adolescent Drug Abuse and Alcohol Nyria Madison Liberty University Coun 620 Abstract Around the world we are finding that most adolescent are experiencing drugs and alcohol. This has been a huge issue for years. This has become a trend in society as of today. This paper will discuss the perspective of adolescent alcohol and drugs. 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Childhood Education and Critical Literacy †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Childhood Education and Critical Literacy. Answer: In a broader perspective, the term critical literacy as such do not seem to adhere with the situation of play based education. However, a deep delve into the concept of critical literacy and its corresponding impacts on nascent minds would imply its need since the initiation of early childhood education (Luke, 2018). Popular culture on the other hand has a huge band of creativity and challenges to offer to students if included in educational module (Ntelioglou Peterson, 2017). To begin with, the best description of critical literacy would be an approach or the ability of an individual to critically about the unequal distribution of power between the citizens of a particular place. Popular culture can be defined as adapting a culture that is based on taste and choice of individuals. It is also an ever-changing trend. The inclusion of critical literacy in the educational system has shown noticeable impact on childrens learning process (Morrell, 2015). Owing to the changing political and social circumstances in this era, it has become imperative to include critical literacy and popular culture as mainstream syllabus in the educational system since the very early stage of learning. Critical literacy offers an understanding of the constant chance in the politics of the nation and the concentration of power (Luke, 2017). It keeps its primary focus on language and literacy in the backdrop of concentration of political powers. Emphasizing on powers and its relation with politics, it enhances a students idea regarding the fact that everything is subjected to change and it is only through proper literacy and proper knowledge that firm social constructions can be reconstructed. Inclusion of critical literacy in the regular syllabus makes belief each student that all of them are worthy, important and respon sible citizens and must also make equal contribution towards the development of the nation. In play based education, since there is no pressure of reading and learning of the topics mentioned in the syllabus, the students can learn about critical literacy more freely that would make an ever lasting impression in the nascent minds. The impact of critical literacy does not end here rather has a lot more. The practice of Critical literacy since play based childhood learning endows students with an ability to judge an interpret texts keeping at par the critical theories and methods that they have learnt (Pyle, DeLuca Danniels, 2017). Having a deep insight on the concept of critical literacy helps the students to understand the difference between the literal and the lateral meaning of textual books (Provenzo Apple, 2015). Apart from that students are also able to draw a critical analysis of all the societal norms. For instance, the choice of apparels and the endorsement of the type of apparels would be critically analyzed by a student of critical literacy to inspect the type and choice of society. It would reflect on the structure and norms of the society and all these qualities would develop since childhood. A deep insight on critical literacy empowers a student with dense, deep and accurate knowledge regarding related matters. A student of critical literacy is confident and capable enough to question the authenticity of power structures as explicitly represented in texts. Incorporation of critical literacy in early childhood learning majorly affects and shapes a childs mental structure and his or her vision. Whatever the students read or learn, are placed against the theoretical framework of critical literacy to get a clear understanding of the discordant social issues prevalent within the nation. Such students are hard to convince with false hopes as the entire education is fact based and can be molded only through reasoning. Another important criteria that the students with critical literacy achieves is the assessment of role of language in politics (Janks, 2017). Students also draws a reflective connection with whatever they reads and tries to dive deep into the situation in which the author might have written. Such students makes an assessment of the authors viewpoint and the existing mental state that the author was in. The students crosscheck any political context before believing it. Incorporation of critical literacy and the execution of the s ame through play based approach helps the students to reflect on their own life while continuing with the study of any particular topic. That is, in critical literature, the students not only read and learn for the sake of reading and learning. The entire approach is play based where the facilitator provides the students with real life situation to practically read and learn through experiences. Since play based learning has no text books or limited study materials, whatever the students are learning are entirely based on personal experience and discussion. It induces the students with a sense of responsibility towards the country and thus makes responsible citizens. It must be asserted that critical literacy gives way to interaction among the students. For instance, when a student deciphers a text in different module, he or she without any iota of doubt discusses the same with the teachers and the facilitators and with the other fellow students (Alvermann et al, 2018). This again c alls for a discussion among the other students, since, the other students also draws a different meaning than the lateral meaning of the text. In later phase, that is in the secondary school too, critical literacy through play-based learning is immensely advantageous. Since the students already holds expertise in the evaluating and analyzing the underlying meaning of a text, it helps the students to understand and examine the course better. Critical literacy is a concept that cannot be learnt or mugged, but can be nurtured and developed. This development essentially happens with practice. In this particular context, it is needless to assert that, since, critical learning is already incorporated at the grass root level the students are more or less equipped with all the methods and the tools required analyzing a text and deciphering its meaning in a different way. Assuming a hypothetical situation in order to assess the importance of incorporating critical learning in grass root level, it can be well understood the immense contribution that critical literacy holds in enriching the knowledge of the future generation (Peterson , Forsyth McIntyre, 2015). True to all the modes of learning, critical literacy and its incorporation in play based learning too has some positive and negative impacts on students and society as a whole. Critical literacy is majorly advantageous to students. It reflects on the working process. It enables the students to think and question the working of a process or function. The students automatically while coming across a new subject examines the authenticity and validity of the claims made by the author. They also cross examine the information laid down. Students if taught critical literacy since the very grass root level encourages them to evaluate texts through reading comprehension. It must be noted that all the knowledge gather through the process of critical literacy are explicit, comprehensive and detailed. Since the students do not go through a monotonous mugging process, they are able to retain the learning in long term. Another astounding benefit of critical learning is that it also helps students having reading disabilities. Taking into account that critical literacy is all about facts, philosophies and ideologies, it needs only intelligence to understand and adhere to the topic (Jahoda Lewis, 2015). Learning or mugging of the topics or f the syllabus is not required and hence, it is beneficial for the students having reading disability. The drawbacks of critical literacy are limited since it is an approach, which majorly benefits students. The only disadvantage that can be talked of is the immense pressure that it creates on the nascent minds. In the context of play-based child learning, it can be asserted that critical literacy is a concept that requires maturity to understand. Its values and importance and the corresponding analysis calls for a matured brain. Not all children would be intelligent enough to understand texts in the context of critical literacy (Roskos, 2017). One of the most researched teaching method is questioning techniques. It is found that the teachers in various institutions spend 35% to 50% of the time of instruction in question and answer sessions. The questioning techniques are both ways important. The teachers understand the level of learning achieved by the students by asking questions to the student on the other hand the student is allowed to ask question on the account of filling the learning gaps that still may have been remaining in the students mind. The involvement of the student increases and also the interest level rises because the student finds it interactive to question and get answers. It also increases the level of critical thinking in the students. The essence of childrens learning is majorly concentrated in their language and communication. The more children communicate, the more they are able to retain the knowledge in the long-run (Roskos, 2017). The discursive manner of critical literacy promotes debates, arguments and discussions regarding the same. It thus, enhances the language and communication power of children from an early age. Critical literacy treats language and communication as an essential tool that is used for enriching the values of all the courses learnt through critical literacy. The fact that holds the prime interest in this context is that critical literacy here in integrated with play based approach. The language is focused here through a number of actions of play-based approach like critically thinking, analyzing, evaluating, discussing, debating and interacting with other fellow learners. It is an interesting fact to know that the incorporation of critical literacy in regular course in kindergarten lets the children to have enough topic of discussion. Since it has been noted that critical literacy majorly focuses on the deeper interpretation of texts and tries to emphasize on the details of actuality of information, it creates a wider aspect of discussion among the children. The students get an opportunity to share their own individual ideas that acts as an effective language and communication method. It is needless to assert that the ideas and thought process of all the children in a cross are not alike and hence it calls for a cross or clash. However, this clash is taken in a positive manner and the facilitator or the teacher allows the cross and clash in an organized manner. That is, the difference I ideas and thought processes calls for debate ad argumentation. Debate and argumentation are a never ending process and gives students topic enough to carry on the disc ussion. The students are benefitted with new ideas while they share their own with others (Leland, Lewison Harste, 2014). The teachers and the educators also evaluate and examine the discourse of the students to get an insight of their understanding regarding the matter. Apart from that, the teachers and the facilitators are also able to note the strength and improvement in language and communication within the students. The implementation of critical literacy into play based will be achieved in the following ways. The students will be from the very beginning taught to look at things from both ways. They must be judging on both the positive aspects and negative aspects of a particular literature. By literature here all kinds of academic means to impart knowledge is meant. A person should understand the underlying meaning and purpose of texts and speeches. Therefore, from the very beginning there will be encouragement of critically looking at things. Example of such method is, when the children are there in the classroom discussions and interactive sessions may be held, where the teachers will talk about positive and negative aspects of simple things. The children will be allowed to present their own interpretation of things and theories, and their imaginative power will be allowed to flow. The system must not be one sided where the teacher will force feed information to the students in a one sided ma nner. At the concluding part, it can thus be asserted that critical literacy is imperative to enrich and enhance the learning process of students. Critical learning if incorporated in the very initial phase of education, that is, in the kindergarten would not only help the students to develop their moral responsibilities towards the society but also at the same time would bestow the students with the gift of critical thinking ability. It is thus needless to assert that play based approach of education at kindergarten if incorporates critical literacy would mould the mindset of the students, sharpen their ideological framework and enshrine the students with power to dissect established and proven ideas and principles. References Alvermann, D. E., Moon, J. S., Hagwood, M. C., Hagood, M. C. (2018).Popular culture in the classroom: Teaching and researching critical media literacy. Routledge. Jahoda, G., Lewis, I. (Eds.). (2015).Acquiring Culture (Psychology Revivals): Cross Cultural Studies in Child Development. Psychology Press. Janks, H. (2017). Doing critical literacy. InGlobal Conversations in Literacy Research(pp. 49-60). Routledge. Leland, C. H., Lewison, M., Harste, J. C. (2014).Creating critical classrooms: Reading and writing with an edge. Routledge. Luke, A. (2017). Critical literacy, school improvement, and the four resources model. InGlobal Conversations in Literacy Research. Routledge. Luke, A. (2018). Critical literacy in Australia: A matter of context and standpoint. InCritical Literacy, Schooling, and Social Justice(pp. 186-206). Routledge. Morrell, E. (2015).Critical literacy and urban youth: Pedagogies of access, dissent, and liberation. Routledge. Ntelioglou, B. Y., Peterson, S. S. (2017). Exploring Language, Literacy, and Identity Connections through Play-Based Education in Rural, Remote, and Indigenous Communities.Language and Literacy,19(2), 1-3. Peterson, S. S., Forsyth, D., McIntyre, L. J. (2015). Balancing Play-Based Learning With Curricular Mandates: Considering the Views of Northern Canadian Teachers and Early Childhood Educators.Canadian Children,40(3). Provenzo, E. F., Apple, M. W. (2015).Critical literacy: What every American needs to know. Routledge. Pyle, A., DeLuca, C., Danniels, E. (2017). Context and Implications Document for: A scoping review of research on play?based pedagogies in kindergarten education.Review of Education,5(3), 352-353. Roskos, K. A. (Ed.). (2017).Play and literacy in early childhood: Research from multiple perspectives. Routledge.

Singapore cultures primary mode of subsistence

Social Organization According to Jones, Singapore has not had a proper structure of a welfare services since gaining autonomy in late 1950s (2002, p.57). The ruling party-People Action Party (PAP) – that ruled Singapore from 1959 has steadily resisted efforts to set up welfare services for its people.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Singapore cultures primary mode of subsistence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, the typical elements that characterize a welfare society such as unemployment benefits, state pension, disability pension, child benefits and allowances have largely been nonexistence in Singapore. Individuals who cannot sustain themselves economically usually rely on public support. However, the rates imposed on public assistance are devised to provide essential support only. Moreover, the state not the sole contributor of welfare services for instance: care for the aged pers ons; family counseling; support for the disabled; treatment of drug addicts; and child protection. As a result, the government’s expenditure on welfare services has remained a tiny proportion of the aggregate government budget. For example, according to the Ministry of Finance, Singapore government spent 0.9 % of its gross domestic product on social services in 2002 fiscal year (Jones, 2002, p.58). Welfare needs are vital to the comfort of the people. Most of social needs have emerged as a result of the state’s social and economic reforms that have created a prosperous and wealthy society in Singapore. According to the government, charitable groups have a duty to provide welfare service in Singapore while the state acts as a supervisor and resource donor (Jones, 2002, p.58). The voluntary welfare organizations (VWO)-including community groups, religious organizations, charitable groups and self-help groups- have played a vital role in the dispensation of social and wel fare services in Singapore. The religious organizations are involved in provision of care for the old and disabled, providing guidance to individuals and families under pressure and offering financial support for the poor. The VWO are also provides services such as nursery education for small children who lack parental care due to work engagements. The day centers set up by VWO provide conducive environment for the disabled and the elderly to interrelate socially and participate in recreational activities.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The student care institutions supervise homework and recreational activities for children whose parents are employed. The VWO also have set up centers to help drug addicts, poor persons and abused children. These programs are usually carried out in all regions of Singapore. They are also established in specific community to provide service for the local residence (Jones, 2002, p.64). Singapore has recorded rapid economic growth in the last two decades. Consequently, unemployment rate has been less than three percent while living standards have been exceptionally high. Some of the benefits of rapid economic growth in Singapore include: superior standard of public and private housing, large disposable income, low levels of crime, efficient healthcare structures, well-organized public services and a generally sanitized environment (Jones, 2002, p.59). However, economic affluence in Singapore has been attained at a price. For example, there has been a marked increase in income and wealth disparities when compared to other Asian countries such as Japan. The average wages for the top 19.9% of households with respect to prosperity is currently 21 times bigger than the average earnings of the last 19.9%. It is worth to note that the income gap was slightly above ten times ten years before. Even though poverty has been reduced to bare minimal, income gaps abound in Singapore. Moreover, economic development, merged with the prevalent Confucianism in Singapore has brought about a strong accomplishment culture, symbolized by the adoption of educational and vocational achievement (Jones, 2002, p.59). The urge to be triumphant has contributed to considerable levels of personal and family anxiety (Jones, 2002, p.59). In addition, it has led to a sense of segregation and discontent amongst Singaporeans who have failed to attain expected social status. The social and economic revolution in the country has also contributed to the substitution of the conventional societies based on the village (kampong) with extensive up to date housing estates. This change eradicated communal identity and a sense of ownership among Singaporeans. More recently, the extensive 3-generation family units are currently facing oblivion due to the emergence in prominence of the 2-generation nuclear family units. The family units and the traditional community offered moral and personal security to individual members in the society (Jones, 2002, p.60). Moreover, the assimilation of a substantial segment of female inhabitants in Singapore into the employment sector, especially over 58% of female within the 20-40 age cohorts has created problems related with provision of child care. A notable effect related with economic and social reforms is the ageing of the country’s populace, brought about by improved standards of life and efficient health care services.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Singapore cultures primary mode of subsistence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All these reforms have thus given rise to a wide range of costs synonymous with contemporary urban society. Individuals and households in need of financial assistance, mounting rates of divorce, child abuse, increase in crime rate, and a growing population of o ld people in need of welfare services (Jones, 2002, p.60). Economic organization Some of the major economic gains realized in Singapore can be attributed to the state’s decision to adopt a Democratic Enterprise due to the defects of the Socialist model in communist states. The basis for this paradigm shift has been necessitated by the emergence of the era of global information and technological advancement that offer a platform for essential reforms in the economic system. The model also offers more liberty from the traditional factors of production: labor, capital and land. It also provides the much needed technology for worldwide integration. The model stresses on the function of information and how it can be employed productively in economic administration. In addition, it incorporates democratic tenets that allow individuals to run the economy. It thus upholds capitalist enterprise whereas its democratic space curbs social hostility in various ways (Applications, 2010, p. 8). The principal objective of Democratic Enterprise is personal liberty within the society that is combined into several networks that generate a variety of political, social, economical and educational gains. Thus, the core values of the model are autonomy and creativity based on the welfare gains and unlimited dispensation of information. Democratic Enterprise is also known as â€Å"knowledge industry model† of economic growth because it entails a higher level of autonomy to modernize and to correlate with whoever is suitable to develop novel products (Applications, 2010, p.9). For example, the employment patterns in the contemporary developed economies such as Singapore have effectively reorganized and improved their labor intensive exports by using advanced technologies (Agarwal et al, 2001, p.18). Some services are outsourced and the firms become flexible, systemized organizations that can be altered if need be.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Business ventures cannot be managed from a central point as they require a devolved structure and an efficient communication system. The role of state is thus limited to provision of infrastructures and social and economic policies to promote economic activities (Applications, 2010, p.9). Among the advanced economies, Singapore was identified as one of the countries that adopted the Democratic Enterprise model in 1995. The function of the government was to facilitate an enabling economic infrastructure that augmented sound economic development in Singapore. Since globalization allows firms to decentralize their operations in numerous locations, most governments face mounting pressure to draw viable domestic and foreign investments by offering low taxes, social infrastructures and highly efficient information structure, nominal regulations, novel technologies, skilled labor force and product market. Thus, the ability to adopt this new model developed Singapore into one of the most ad vanced cities in Asia. Although the city is not endowed with natural resources and has a tiny population, Singapore has attracted over 3,000 firms by developing a highly sophisticated economic infrastructure and public Information Technology. As a result, Singapore was voted as one of the highly competitive economies in the globe by the Global Competitive Report (Applications, 2010, p.9). The adoption of the Democratic Model promotes socialist and capitalist approaches to global information technology that fosters a system of individual ingenuity in Singapore. The city has thus been able to create an efficient structure of education, excellent worker-management bond and efficient communication system. Firms in the country have designed their own global commercial systems in partnership with domestic teams that act as semi-autonomous units. The new business enterprises are characterized by alliances between unions, firms, government and workers. Under the Enterprise model, mutual ben efits demand an amalgamation of local and international partnership with the co-dependent enterprise of all stakeholders. Singapore has successfully implemented this new economic model through privatization, involvement of labor unions and minimal government involvement (Applications, 2010, p.9). The government has thus realized that the mutual integration of business ventures and human principles is more fruitful and effective than previous methods used to manage economic activities in Singapore. The structure of public governance employed by Singapore entails five general tenets that tell them apart from other countries where economic rational model is the main driver of economic activities. The first is the recognition of the prominent role of state in creating liaison between public sector, business enterprises and civil organizations. Second, the tactical scheduling of national aims that encompass all segments of the economy is perceived as vital to national growth and is ackno wledged as a state duty. Third, the population is perceived as a critical element to economic development and that full employment is the optimal way to repay their contribution. The state has thus supported efforts by civil organizations to provide financial and welfare needs of the population. Fourth, the Singapore’s government is seriously committed to display its obligations through a variety of lucid procedures. Finally, the government is committed to implementing sustainable economic policies as opposed to economic rational policies that are short term in nature. Thus the public governance model has been successfully used in Singapore. The gains of economic growth have also been spread to the population more evenly than before (Callender Johnston, 1998, p.168). Political organization The democratic systems adopted in Southeast Asia have employed the principles of Asia and western countries as precise cultural constructions underlining the legality of some political eng agements and institutions. In nutshell, these cultural principles have been used to legitimize a type of political statute called, Asian Democracy, which has been used by political leaders in Singapore. The proponents of Asian Democracy claim that the model echoes authentic Asian traditional ideals such as community, agreement and consensus. These values are distinguished from the Western cultural values such as conflict, egoism and individualism (Lawson, 1995, p.1). Asian Democracy has significantly limited the democratic space for opposition parties. In Singapore, these parties are denied media coverage and opposition dissidents are sometimes arrested without formal court proceedings (Lawson, 1995, p.2). The tenets of Asian democracy used in Singapore normally entail principle of relativism, more so with respect to the ideals of the culture. Those who support this model argue that democracy is not fit for everyone. Even though the structure of democracy has diverse forms and polit ical parties may not concur with regard to the importance attributed to diverse tenets of democracy, there are nevertheless constrains to the types of governments that can lawfully be referred to as democratic (Lawson, 1995, p.3). For instance, Singapore has been run by the People’s Action Party (PAP) for over three decades. Despite the fact that political parties in the country are allowed to vie for office, the PAP regime has used a number of oppressive tools to ensure that valid political contest for the office is restricted thus ensuring that PAP maintains its uninterrupted rule (Lawson, 1995, p.9).In Singapore, the creation of cultural precepts from which the values of Asian democracy are formed has been linked to a Confucian legacy. As a result, a number of cultural spats used by political elites in Singapore in recent times merit consideration with respect to creation of cultural norms. Also, the country offers a lucid model of how official organizations related with d emocracy cannot assure that democratic activities, especially those related to political antagonism and expression are in fact operational (Lawson, 1995, p.13). The PAP government has sustained its rule in Singapore since 1959 via a number of political strategies. For instance, the PAP’s ability to deliver high economic growth and improved living standards among its population with negligible level of corruption has entrenched realistic consent among the populace. The state has carefully used public consent via repressive strategies for example arresting political dissidents without trial and constraints on a number of public rights such as freedom of speech. Moreover, the PAP has bolstered public consent by promoting a number of Asian values. For example, in 1982, the ruling party created Institute of East Asian Philosophy (IEAP) to promote Confucian ideas which would later be redefined and adjusted to the needs of the modern society (Lawson, 1995, p.14). Singapore cannot be classified as a welfare state because it does not provide social services to its citizens. The major providers of these services are voluntary and religious organization. However, the government has done exceptionally well on economic reforms that have improved incomes and living standards of its people. The government has liberalized the economy and attracted foreign investments by developing efficient social and economical infrastructures. However, the democratic set up of Singapore is still oppressive and political parties and dissidents are oppressed. References Agarwal, B., Esim, S., Gopal, K., Bisnath, S. (2001). Empowerment of Women throughout the Life Cycle as a Transformative Strategy for Poverty Eradication. Retrieved from: http://www.unwomen.org/en Applications. (2010). Applications II: What We Do. Retrieved from: http://www.progressions.info/5chap.pdf Callender, G., Johnston, J. (1998). Governments and Governance: Examining Social and Economic Autonomy in Malaysia and Singapore. Asian Journal of Public Administration, 20, 151-172. Jones, D.S. (2002). Welfare and Public Management in Singapore: A Study of State and Voluntary sector Partnership. Asian Journal of Public Administration, 24, 57- 85. Lawson, S. (1995). Culture, relativism and democracy: political myths about Asia and the West. Canberra: National Library of Australia. This research paper on Singapore cultures primary mode of subsistence was written and submitted by user Alexa T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.